如何在英文句子中正確使用such as和including？

提問：「Such as 和including之間有什麼差別？」

—東海大學理學院博士生T. H-L

回答：

Such as和including的用法常任意的交錯使用，這是因為所舉的例子常被包含在某較大範圍的群組中。事實上，including與inclusion的概念相似，而such as 則是用來引介範例，兩者之間仍有些微的差異。

標點符號用法：當在較大範圍的群組後使用including時，需在including前方加上逗號

Example:

She has many powerful friends, including an ex-cabinet member and a high court judge.

此處提及的二人是較大的群組「powerful friends」的成員之一，該較大範圍群組的其他成員則不需要與其二人隸屬於相同類別。

Examples:

I have only ten more days, including weekends, to get my house painted.

Everybody is upset with me, including my dog.

只有在including 表示「將…納入考慮時（if/when we include）」的意思時，including才能出現在主要子句之前。

Example:

Including taxes and airport fees, the fare is still quite reasonable.

Such as 有點不同，其功能與including相似，最大的差別在於，such as是用來引介在同一類別、人事物分類之中的成員，提出較大類別中的單一或多個範例。

標點符號用法：使用such as引介某類別中的範例時，通常會在such as 前方加逗號。

Examples:

She has made a great many people nervous, such as her grandmother, her uncles, and her husband-to-be.

Our nursery offers a large selection of fruit trees, such as peach, plum, and apple.

Several long-time friends of the groom, such as his two college roommates and his football buddy Jake, were surprised that he actually went through with the ceremony.

有時候，such as 會帶出一整個子句，此時意指「這種的…（of a/the kind that）」。表示此語意時，such as前不加逗號。

Examples:

This will be a disaster such as the world has never seen.

Countries such as Sweden have a long record of welcoming refugees from all over the world.

Car companies such as Toyota and Ford manufacture their automobiles in many different countries around the world.

值得一提的是，including 和such as都可以與另一個相似的片語for example結合：

Examples:

The University also has many years of experience in providing undergraduate and postgraduate programs in related areas including, for example, those provided mainly through the Faculties of Informatics, Business and Management, and engineering.

Some people might want to consider the political figure who made the greatest positive impact, such as, for example, United States President John F. Kennedy.

Including 和such as雖然常常可以交互使用，但有時候並不盡然，使用時請務必要多注意。

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