如何在學術論文中使用從屬連接句型：Because、Whichever、When（第二部分）

如何使用從屬和對等連接句型

一個句子的從屬連接（以特定方式將較不重要的概念放入句子中，使人一眼明瞭句中其他概念比此概念重要）和對等連接（以特定方式將兩個以上的概念放入同一個句子，使人了解這些概念同等重要）可闡明單字、詞組或子句間的關係和重要程度。

您可以使用從屬連接來安排重要性不同的子句，也可以利用對等連接表示子句有相同的重要性。

從屬連接

從屬連接可用來表達句子細節之間不對等的重要性。您可在單一句子中使用這個技巧，也可運用這個技巧來合併兩個以上的短句。

請記得將最重要的概念呈現於獨立子句中（一個包含名詞和動詞，可獨立成句的句子），然後以從屬子句表達較不重要的概念。

請以從屬連接詞（介紹一個句子裡較不重要的概念時所使用的詞，例如：after, because, by the time, even though, if, just in case, now that, once, only if, since, though, unless, until, when, whether, while）或關係代名詞（依先行詞改變單複數的代名詞，例如：that, what, whatever, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose）作為每一個從屬子句（一個句子中無法獨立成句的句段）的開頭。

從屬連接詞和關係代名詞告訴讀者，接下來的概念是次要的。以下例句即以關係代名詞表示從屬連接：

I will come to your dorm or meet you at the library, whichever works best for you.

這個例句的核心概念是「我可能會去你宿舍或在圖書館跟你碰面」。至於「你要選擇哪個方式碰面」，則是次要資訊，以關係代名詞 whichever 與獨立子句隔開。

在下個例子中，兩個短句以從屬連接詞「because」合併：

短句一：The number of students who live at home and take online college classes has risen in the past ten years.

短句二：The rise has been due to increased marketing of university online programs.

從屬連接的合併句（版本一）：The number of students living at home and taking online college classes has risen in the past ten years because of increased marketing of university online programs.

從屬連接的合併句（版本二）：Because of increased marketing of university online programs, the number of students living at home and taking online courses has risen in the past ten years.

對等連接

當句子裡出現兩個以上的對等概念時，便可以用對等連接詞來表示各部分（主詞、動詞和受詞）均有相同的重要性。

範例

主詞：Both tofu and seaweed are great in soap.

動詞：We neither talked nor laughed during the next two hours.

受詞：Machine embroidery combines the beauty of high-quality stitching and the expediency of modern technology.

例句中，畫底線的兩個詞或短語在該句中都有同等重要性，而這幾組字詞或短語均以對等連接詞或相關連接詞連接。

「對等連接詞」通常是一個單字，功用為連接句子中同樣重要的概念，如：and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet；「相關連接詞」則通常是一組字詞，同樣用來連接句子裡同等重要的概念，如：both…and, either…or, just as…so, neither…nor, not…but, not only…but also, whether…or。

控制句子重點

我們常在不經意間使用了從屬和對等連接句型，舉例來說，如果要描述某事發生是因為另一件事所造成，如：Dale broke his leg while riding his motorcycle 或He broke his leg when he rode his motorcycle into a tree，可以用幾個不同句子或一個從屬連接句型表達。

以兩個句子呈現：Dale broke his leg while riding his motorcycle this weekend. His leg broke when the motorcycle hit a tree.

用一個從屬連接句呈現：This weekend, Dale broke his leg when his motorcycle hit a tree.（「戴爾跌斷腿」是主旨，「這件事在摩托車撞到樹時發生」則是從屬的句意。）

當在討論假期要做的兩件事時，常會很自然地使用對等連接。這兩件事可以分開的句子呈現，或以一個對等連接句型表示兩件事同等重要。

以兩個句子呈現：I’m planning to see Taipei 101 while I’m in Taiwan. I’m also going to go to Jiufen.

以一個對等連接句型呈現：While I’m in Taiwan, I am planning to see Taipei 101 and go to Jiufen.

從屬連接錯誤

請避免以下兩種常見的從屬連接錯誤：一、將主旨放在從屬子句中，二、一個句子放太多從屬子句。

將主旨放在從屬子句中的錯誤示範：

Jiufen, a charming town featuring great art galleries, restaurants, cafés, and shops, is located in a district of Keelung.

這一句的問題在於將主旨嵌在從屬子句中，不但沒有凸顯出九份的特色，反而使九份位於基隆這件事成為句子重點。以下是修改的範例：

Jiufen, located in a district of Keelung, is a charming neighborhood featuring great art galleries, restaurants, cafés, and shops.

若一個句子有太多附屬子句，會變得難以理解且不易閱讀。

錯誤示範：

University professors, who make decisions about which textbook chapters to ignore and which to extend, need to consider more than their individual opinions so that they do not cancel great textbooks they don’t recognize as good when they see them, while balancing the need to maintain a course that appeals to a broad class, considering that new textbooks don’t yet have a broad following.

修改範例：

University professors need to consider more than their individual opinions when they decide which textbook chapters to ignore and which to extend. Many years ago, some of these very professors decided that currently popular textbooks should be canceled, clearly demonstrating they do not always know which books would become great. University professors should also balance the need to maintain a course that appeals to a broad class with an appreciation for new textbooks that don’t yet have a broad following.

從屬連接重點整理

在長句中可使用從屬連接和對等連接句型來強調重點。

從屬連接句型可帶出句中重要性低於主旨的資訊，通常以從屬連接詞或關係代名詞和句中其他部分相接。錯誤使用範例包括：將主旨放在從屬子句、一個句子放太多從屬概念。對等連接句型可表示單句中兩個以上的概念具備同等重要性，通常以對等連接詞或相關連接詞連結。

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